Abstract:
The demand for efficient water management in agriculture has increased significantly due to water scarcity and the need to improve crop productivity. This project presents an automatic irrigation system based on the ESP32 microcontroller that monitors environmental and soil conditions in real time using soil moisture, temperature, and humidity sensors. The system continuously analyzes sensor readings and determines the irrigation requirement using predefined threshold values. When the soil moisture level falls below the desired limit, a water pump is automatically activated through a relay module to supply water to the crops. Once optimal moisture levels are achieved, the pump is turned off, thereby preventing over-irrigation and reducing water wastage. The proposed system minimizes manual intervention, improves water-use efficiency, and supports healthy crop growth. Experimental results show that the system effectively maintains soil conditions within optimal ranges, making it a reliable and cost-effective solution for smart and sustainable agriculture.
Introduction
Agriculture is the backbone of many economies, especially in developing countries like India, where efficient water management plays a vital role in crop production. Due to increasing population, irregular rainfall, and water scarcity, traditional irrigation methods often result in excessive water usage and uneven distribution. These issues not only waste valuable water resources but also negatively affect crop health and yield.
Conventional irrigation systems rely heavily on manual operation, which requires continuous human involvement and experience. Farmers often irrigate fields based on fixed schedules rather than actual soil and environmental conditions. This can lead to over-irrigation or under-irrigation, causing problems such as root damage, nutrient loss, and reduced crop productivity.
To overcome these challenges, automation in agriculture has gained significant importance. An automatic irrigation system helps in monitoring soil moisture, temperature, and humidity in real time and supplies water only when required. By using sensors and microcontrollers, irrigation can be controlled accurately and efficiently without human intervention.
This project focuses on designing an automatic irrigation system using an ESP32 microcontroller integrated with soil moisture, temperature, and humidity sensors. The system operates based on predefined threshold values to control a water pump through a relay module. When soil moisture drops below the set level, the pump is automatically activated, and it is turned off once the optimal moisture level is achieved.
The proposed system reduces water wastage, saves time and labor, and ensures proper irrigation for crops. It provides a cost-effective and sustainable solution for modern agriculture, especially for small and medium-scale farmers.

Objectives
• To design an automatic irrigation system using an ESP32 microcontroller.
• To monitor soil moisture, temperature, and humidity in real time using sensors.
• To automatically control the water pump based on soil moisture levels.
• To reduce water wastage by supplying water only when required.
• To minimize human intervention in the irrigation process.
• To improve crop growth by maintaining optimal soil moisture conditions.
• To provide a low-cost and energy-efficient solution for agriculture.