ABSTRACT:
Energy management is a critical challenge in distributed IoT and microgrid systems where multiple nodes operate using renewable or limited energy sources. Uneven power generation causes certain nodes to experience surplus energy while others face shortages, leading to inefficient energy utilization and system downtime. This project proposes a battery-based smart energy sharing system in which each node is equipped with its own rechargeable battery and intelligent control unit. The system continuously monitors energy generation, battery level, and load demand. When surplus energy is available, the battery charges automatically. During deficit conditions, the node draws energy from its battery. Additionally, node-to-node energy transfer is implemented so that surplus energy from one node can support another node with insufficient energy. Wireless communication enables real-time coordination between nodes. This approach improves reliability, reduces energy wastage, and ensures continuous operation of IoT networks. The system is suitable for smart grids, agriculture monitoring, and remote sensing applications.

Introduction
Recent advancements in IoT and renewable energy systems have enabled deployment of distributed nodes for monitoring and control applications. These nodes are often powered by solar panels or limited energy sources. Due to environmental variations, some nodes generate excess energy while others suffer from insufficient power.
Traditional systems store energy locally but fail to share unused power, resulting in energy wastage and reduced efficiency. To overcome this limitation, an intelligent energy sharing mechanism is necessary.
This project introduces a battery-backed node architecture with smart energy transfer capability, allowing nodes to share energy dynamically based on their requirements. The system improves power utilization and increases operational lifetime.
Problem Statement
In distributed IoT energy systems:
• Some nodes generate excess energy
• Some nodes face power shortages
• No mechanism to share energy
• Batteries discharge quickly
• Energy is wasted
• Network reliability decreases
Objectives
The main objectives are:
• Provide battery backup for each node
• Store surplus energy locally
• Supply energy during deficit
• Enable node-to-node energy transfer
• Monitor battery and load continuously
• Reduce energy wastage
• Improve system reliability
• Support scalable multi-node networks