ABSTRACT -
This paper presents a novel single-switch, common ground high-gain DC–DC converter for vehicular applications, integrating a Current Mirror Ripple Cancellation Circuit (CMRCC) to achieve a continuous input current with negligible ripple. The proposed power stage incorporates one switched inductor–capacitor (SLC) cell and one switched capacitor (SC) cell, along with a clamping circuit to reduce voltage stress on the switching device, thereby enhancing efficiency and reliability. This configuration delivers high voltage gain while maintaining control simplicity through a single-switch design and minimizing electromagnetic interference via the common-ground structure. A comprehensive theoretical analysis is provided, covering voltage gain, efficiency, component stress, and open-loop stability. The simulation is to be carried out in MATLAB/Simulink software.

INTRODUCTION
The transportation sector accounts for approximately 24% of global greenhouse gas emissions, resulting in an urgent need for cleaner mobility solutions. The shift from hydrocarbon-based vehicles to electric mobility aims to mitigate these emissions, but challenges remain. Battery electric vehicles (BEVs) depend heavily on electricity from fossil fuels, raising sustainability concerns. Alternatives such as hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles (HFCEVs) and aluminum air batteries (AABs) have emerged as promising solutions. HFCEVs, in particular, produce only water as a by-product and offer faster refueling, longer ranges, and scalability, making them a practical path to decarbonizing transportation. Hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles (HFCEVs) require highgain DC–DC boost converters to address integration challenges and maximize their potential. Fuel cells produce a low voltage that decreases with an increase in current due to internal characteristics. Boost converters are essential for increasing this voltage to levels suitable for the vehicle powertrain, improving performance, efficiency, and compactness. They enable efficient power delivery, reduce the need for larger fuel cell stacks, and ensure lightweight designs critical for electric mobility. These converters also stabilize output during acceleration and braking, enhancing vehicle range and dynamic performance. In addition, they support modular designs by integrating smaller fuel cell stacks with hybrid energy storage systems such as batteries or ultracapacitors, increasing scalability and reliability. The schematic of a typical electric vehicle powered by fuel cells, highlighting the pivotal role of high-gain DC–DC converters in transforming low input voltage into high voltages needed for efficient powertrain operation. DC–DC converters are generally classified into nonisolated and isolated types. Isolated converters use high-frequency transformers, but are restricted by their larger size, increased weight, higher losses, reduced efficiency, and voltage spikes, making them less suitable for applications of electric vehicles. In contrast, nonisolated converters are favored for their simplicity, compactness, and higher efficiency. Conventional boost converters achieve high voltage gain in near-unity duty cycles but are limited by parasitic effects, diode recovery, and conduction losses. nonisolated coupled inductor designs provide high voltage gain at low duty cycles, but they face challenges such as electromagnetic interference (EMI) caused by leakage inductance. Although active or passive clamping circuits can mitigate these issues, they add complexity and reduce overall efficiency. To meet stringent voltage gain and efficiency requirements of fuel cell vehicles, multilevel or cascaded configurations incorporating switching cells are commonly employed. The converters proposed lack a common ground between input and output, posing challenges for effective EMI management. Furthermore, the designs presented use multiple switches. While operate their switches simultaneously, maintaining simple control requirements, they require dual gate drivers, which introduces reliability concerns. In contrast, involve independently controlled switches, significantly increasing control complexity. High-gain DC–DC boost converters inherently draw significant peak-to-peak ripple currents, or pulsating currents, from the power source. These ripple currents can adversely affect sensitive power sources, such as fuel cells, affecting their efficiency, longevity, and overall lifecycle. The reviewed literature highlights key design priorities for high-step-up converters, including achieving high voltage gain, maximizing efficiency, reducing component count, minimizing input current ripple, ensuring a common ground between load and source, and lowering voltage stress on circuit components. To address these challenges, this work proposes a Switched Capacitor-Inductor High-Gain (SCLHG) DC–DC converter integrated with a modular Current Mirror Ripple Compensator Circuit (CMRCC) at the source end.

Block Diagram