Abstract:

Road safety is a critical concern due to accidents caused by delayed driver reaction and inadequate braking. To overcome this issue, this project presents the design and implementation of an Automatic Braking System using an Ultrasonic Sensor and Arduino. The system uses an ultrasonic sensor to continuously monitor the distance between the vehicle and obstacles ahead. The measured distance is processed by the Arduino microcontroller. When an object is detected within a predefined safety range, the Arduino automatically stops the motors using a motor driver. To avoid collision, the vehicle then moves backward, turns left, and proceeds forward to bypass the obstacle. In the absence of any obstacle, the vehicle continues to move forward normally. This system enhances vehicle safety by reducing human dependency and improving response time, making it suitable for accident prevention and autonomous vehicle applications.

Introduction:
Road accidents are one of the major causes of injury and loss of life, mainly due to delayed human reaction and lack of effective braking systems. With the rapid growth of vehicle usage, there is an increasing need for intelligent safety systems that can assist drivers and prevent collisions. Automatic braking systems play a vital role in improving road safety by detecting obstacles and responding faster than human reflexes.
This project focuses on the design and implementation of an Automatic Braking System using an Ultrasonic Sensor and Arduino. The ultrasonic sensor is used to detect obstacles in front of the vehicle by measuring the distance between the vehicle and the object. The Arduino microcontroller processes this distance information and controls the motor driver accordingly.
When an obstacle is detected within a predefined safe distance, the system automatically stops the vehicle to prevent collision. To ensure smooth navigation, the vehicle then moves backward, turns left, and continues moving forward to avoid the obstacle. If no object is detected, the vehicle moves forward normally. This system demonstrates a simple, low-cost, and efficient approach to collision avoidance and autonomous vehicle movement.


Objectives
• To design and implement an automatic braking system using an Arduino microcontroller.
• To detect obstacles in front of the vehicle using an ultrasonic sensor.
• To automatically stop the vehicle when an object is detected within a predefined safe distance.
• To implement backward movement and left-turn action for obstacle avoidance.
• To enable the vehicle to move forward normally when no obstacle is present.
• To reduce human dependency and improve vehicle safety through automation.
• To develop a low-cost and efficient collision avoidance system for autonomous vehicle applications.