ABSTRACT
This project presents the design and implementation of an autonomous Line Follower and Obstacle Avoiding Robot using an Arduino microcontroller, two IR sensors, an ultrasonic sensor, and a motor driver module. The robot follows a predefined path by detecting a black line on a white surface using two infrared (IR) sensors.
The Arduino acts as the main control unit, continuously reading signals from the IR sensors for line tracking and from the ultrasonic sensor for obstacle detection. The motor driver controls the DC motors based on the processed sensor inputs.
When the ultrasonic sensor detects an obstacle within a predefined distance, the Arduino immediately stops both motors to prevent collision. Once the path is clear, the robot resumes its line-following operation. This ensures safe navigation and reliable performance in dynamic environments.
The system is simple, cost-effective, and energy-efficient. It demonstrates the practical implementation of intelligent robotic navigation using sensor-based control and embedded systems technology. This project is suitable for educational purposes, automation research, and basic robotic applications.
INTRODUCTION
Robotics plays a significant role in modern automation systems. Autonomous robots are widely used in industries, research, and educational applications to perform tasks with minimal human intervention. Among different types of robots, line-following and obstacle-avoiding robots are fundamental models that demonstrate intelligent navigation using sensors and embedded systems.
This project focuses on the design and development of a Line Follower and Obstacle Avoiding Robot using an Arduino microcontroller. The robot is capable of following a predefined path using two infrared (IR) sensors that detect the contrast between a black line and a white surface. In addition to path tracking, the robot is equipped with an ultrasonic sensor that detects obstacles placed in front of it.
The Arduino acts as the central processing unit, continuously analyzing inputs from the sensors and controlling the motors through a motor driver module. When the robot detects an obstacle within a specific distance, it immediately stops the motors to prevent collision. Once the path becomes clear, it continues following the line.
This project demonstrates the practical application of sensor-based automation, embedded programming, and motor control systems. It provides a low-cost, energy-efficient, and reliable solution for autonomous navigation. The system can be used for educational purposes, research experiments, and basic industrial automation concepts.

OBJECTIVES
• To design and develop a Line Follower and Obstacle Avoiding Robot using Arduino.
• To use two IR sensors for detecting and following a predefined line.
• To use an ultrasonic sensor to detect obstacles in front of the robot.
• To stop the motors immediately when an obstacle is detected.
• To control DC motors using a motor driver module.
• To develop a simple, low-cost, and efficient autonomous robotic system.